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The Ca II infrared triplet as a stellar activity diagnostic. II. Test and calibration with high resolution observations
Aims.We report on our analysis of the high resolution spectra (R≈86000) of a sample of 42 late-type active stars (with measured{log{R'_HK}} spanning from ≈{ -}3 to ≈{ -}5) acquired with theItalian 3.6 m Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) using the SARGspectrometer in the 4960-10 110 Å range. The high quality of thespectra and the good activity-level coverage allow us to measure twodifferent chromospheric indicators that can be derived from the Ca iiinfrared triplet (Ca ii IRT) lines: the residual equivalent width (EQW)and the chromospheric indicator {R_IRT}. The aim of this work isdetermine and test the best way of deriving activity-level informationand errors from the Ca ii IRT lines, in preparation of the GAIACornerstone mission by ESA, by which the Ca ii IRT spectral range willbe spectroscopically observed for millions of stars. Methods: The{R_IRT} index is calculated for each observed star as the differencebetween the calculated NLTE photospheric central intensity and theobserved one. The residual EQW, {Δ W_IRT}, is calculated as thearea of the positive profile obtained as the difference between thecalculated NLTE photospheric and the observed profiles. We correlate{log{R'_HK}} with {R_IRT} and the {Δ W_IRT}. Results: Thisanalysis indicates that Ca ii IRT lines are good chromosphericdiagnostics. We find that both {Δ W_IRT} and the {R_IRT}quantities can be used as chromospheric indicators, although the formerexhibits a tighter correlation with the {log{R'_HK}} index. Furthermore,we find that the total chromospheric excess EQW in the Ca ii IRT isalmost linearly correlated with the excess in the Ca ii H & Kdoublet, as estimated through the {log{R'_HK}} index.Based on observations made with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo(TNG) operated on the island of La Palma by the Centro Galileo Galileiof the Consorzio Nazionale per l'Astronomia e l'Astrofisica at theSpanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto deAstrofísica de Canarias. Table 4 is only available in electronicform at http://www.aanda.org
| Properties of planets in binary systems. The role of binary separation
Aims.The statistical properties of planets in binaries wereinvestigated. Any difference to planets orbiting single stars can shedlight on the formation and evolution of planetary systems. As planetswere found around components of binaries with very different separationand mass ratio, it is particularly important to study thecharacteristics of planets as a function of the effective gravitationalinfluence of the companion. Methods: .A compilation of planets inbinary systems was made; a search for companions orbiting stars recentlyshown to host planets was performed, resulting in the addition of twofurther binary planet hosts (HD 20782 and HD 109749). The probableoriginal properties of the three binary planet hosts with white dwarfscompanions were also investigated. Using this updated sample of planetsin binaries we performed a statistical analysis of the distributions ofplanet mass, period, and eccentricity, fraction of multiplanet systems,and stellar metallicity for planets orbiting components of tight andwide binaries and single stars. Results: .The only highlysignificant difference revealed by our analysis concerns the massdistribution of short-period planets. Massive planets in short periodorbits are found in most cases around the components of rather tightbinaries. The properties of exoplanets orbiting the components of widebinaries are compatible with those of planets orbiting single stars,except for a possible greater abundance of high-eccentricity planets.The previously suggested lack of massive planets with P>100 days inbinaries is not confirmed. Conclusions: .We conclude that thepresence of a stellar companion with separation smaller than 100-300 AUis able to modify the formation and/or migration and/or the dynamicalevolution history of giant planets while wide companions play a morelimited role.Table 1 and Appendices A-C are only available in electronic form athttp://www.aanda.org
| Spectroscopic parameters for a sample of metal-rich solar-type stars
Aims.To date, metallicity is the only parameter of a star that appearsto clearly correlate with the presence of planets and their properties.To check for new correlations between stars and the existence of anorbiting planet, we determine accurate stellar parameters for severalmetal-rich solar-type stars. The purpose is to fill the gap of thecomparison sample presented in previous works in the high metal-contentregime. Methods: .The stellar parameters were determined using anLTE analysis based on equivalent widths (EW) of iron lines and byimposing excitation and ionization equilibrium. We also present a firststep in determining these stellar parameters in an automatic manner byusing the code DAOSPEC for the EW determination. Results:.Accurate stellar parameters and metallicities are obtained for oursample composed of 64 high metal-content stars not known to harbor anyplanet. This sample will in the future give us the possibility of betterexploring the existence of differences in the chemical abundancesbetween planet-host stars and stars without known planets in themetal-rich domain. We also report stellar parameters for some recentlydiscovered planet-host stars. Finally, we present an empiricalcalibration for DAOSPEC based on the comparison between its EWmeasurements and the standard "hand made" measurements for the FEROSsample presented in this paper.
| Habitability of Known Exoplanetary Systems Based on Measured Stellar Properties
Habitable planets are likely to be broadly Earth-like in composition,mass, and size. Masses are likely to be within a factor of a few of theEarth's mass. Currently, we do not have sufficiently sensitivetechniques to detect Earth-mass planets, except in rare circumstances.It is thus necessary to model the known exoplanetary systems. Inparticular, we need to establish whether Earth-mass planets could bepresent in the classical habitable zone (HZ) or whether the giantplanets that we know to be present would have gravitationally ejectedEarth-mass planets or prevented their formation. We have answered thisquestion by applying computer models to the 152 exoplanetary systemsknown by 2006 April 18 that are sufficiently well characterized for ouranalysis. For systems in which there is a giant planet, inside the HZ,which must have arrived there by migration, there are two cases: (1)where the migration of the giant planet across the HZ has not ruled outthe existence of Earth-mass planets in the HZ; and (2) where themigration has ruled out existence. For each case, we have determined theproportion of the systems that could contain habitable Earth-massplanets today, and the proportion for which this has been the case forat least the past 1000 Myr (excluding any early heavy bombardment). Forcase 1 we get 60% and 50%, respectively, and for case 2 we get 7% and7%, respectively.
| Catalog of Nearby Exoplanets
We present a catalog of nearby exoplanets. It contains the 172 knownlow-mass companions with orbits established through radial velocity andtransit measurements around stars within 200 pc. We include fivepreviously unpublished exoplanets orbiting the stars HD 11964, HD 66428,HD 99109, HD 107148, and HD 164922. We update orbits for 83 additionalexoplanets, including many whose orbits have not been revised sincetheir announcement, and include radial velocity time series from theLick, Keck, and Anglo-Australian Observatory planet searches. Both thesenew and previously published velocities are more precise here due toimprovements in our data reduction pipeline, which we applied toarchival spectra. We present a brief summary of the global properties ofthe known exoplanets, including their distributions of orbital semimajoraxis, minimum mass, and orbital eccentricity.Based on observations obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which isoperated jointly by the University of California and the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology. The Keck Observatory was made possible by thegenerous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation.
| Effective temperature scale and bolometric corrections from 2MASS photometry
We present a method to determine effective temperatures, angularsemi-diameters and bolometric corrections for population I and II FGKtype stars based on V and 2MASS IR photometry. Accurate calibration isaccomplished by using a sample of solar analogues, whose averagetemperature is assumed to be equal to the solar effective temperature of5777 K. By taking into account all possible sources of error we estimateassociated uncertainties to better than 1% in effective temperature andin the range 1.0-2.5% in angular semi-diameter for unreddened stars.Comparison of our new temperatures with other determinations extractedfrom the literature indicates, in general, remarkably good agreement.These results suggest that the effective temperaure scale of FGK starsis currently established with an accuracy better than 0.5%-1%. Theapplication of the method to a sample of 10 999 dwarfs in the Hipparcoscatalogue allows us to define temperature and bolometric correction (Kband) calibrations as a function of (V-K), [m/H] and log g. Bolometriccorrections in the V and K bands as a function of T_eff, [m/H] and log gare also given. We provide effective temperatures, angularsemi-diameters, radii and bolometric corrections in the V and K bandsfor the 10 999 FGK stars in our sample with the correspondinguncertainties.
| A massive planet to the young disc star HD 81040
We report the discovery of a massive planetary companion orbiting theyoung disc star HD 81040. Based on five years of precise radial-velocitymeasurements with the HIRES and ELODIE spectrographs, we derive aspectroscopic orbit with a period P =1001.0 days and eccentricity e =0.53. The inferred minimum mass for the companion of m_2 sin i = 6.86M_Jup places it in the high-mass tail of the extrasolar planet massdistribution. From the ELODIE spectra we derive a Lithium abundance oflogɛ(Li) = 1.90, and from the HIRES spectra of the cores of theCa II H and K lines we derive an activity index of < log R'_HK> =-4.48, suggesting an age of about 0.8 Gyr. The radial-velocity residualsexhibit a scatter significantly larger than the typical internalmeasurement precision of the instruments. We attribute this excessvelocity jitter to activity on the surface of the moderately young hoststar. However, the amplitude of the jitter is much too small and theexpected period of rotation is much too short to explain the observedorbital motion, which we conclude is due to a massive planetarycompanion.
| The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood. Ages, metallicities, and kinematic properties of 14 000 F and G dwarfs
We present and discuss new determinations of metallicity, rotation, age,kinematics, and Galactic orbits for a complete, magnitude-limited, andkinematically unbiased sample of 16 682 nearby F and G dwarf stars. Our63 000 new, accurate radial-velocity observations for nearly 13 500stars allow identification of most of the binary stars in the sampleand, together with published uvbyβ photometry, Hipparcosparallaxes, Tycho-2 proper motions, and a few earlier radial velocities,complete the kinematic information for 14 139 stars. These high-qualityvelocity data are supplemented by effective temperatures andmetallicities newly derived from recent and/or revised calibrations. Theremaining stars either lack Hipparcos data or have fast rotation. Amajor effort has been devoted to the determination of new isochrone agesfor all stars for which this is possible. Particular attention has beengiven to a realistic treatment of statistical biases and errorestimates, as standard techniques tend to underestimate these effectsand introduce spurious features in the age distributions. Our ages agreewell with those by Edvardsson et al. (\cite{edv93}), despite severalastrophysical and computational improvements since then. We demonstrate,however, how strong observational and theoretical biases cause thedistribution of the observed ages to be very different from that of thetrue age distribution of the sample. Among the many basic relations ofthe Galactic disk that can be reinvestigated from the data presentedhere, we revisit the metallicity distribution of the G dwarfs and theage-metallicity, age-velocity, and metallicity-velocity relations of theSolar neighbourhood. Our first results confirm the lack of metal-poor Gdwarfs relative to closed-box model predictions (the ``G dwarfproblem''), the existence of radial metallicity gradients in the disk,the small change in mean metallicity of the thin disk since itsformation and the substantial scatter in metallicity at all ages, andthe continuing kinematic heating of the thin disk with an efficiencyconsistent with that expected for a combination of spiral arms and giantmolecular clouds. Distinct features in the distribution of the Vcomponent of the space motion are extended in age and metallicity,corresponding to the effects of stochastic spiral waves rather thanclassical moving groups, and may complicate the identification ofthick-disk stars from kinematic criteria. More advanced analyses of thisrich material will require careful simulations of the selection criteriafor the sample and the distribution of observational errors.Based on observations made with the Danish 1.5-m telescope at ESO, LaSilla, Chile, and with the Swiss 1-m telescope at Observatoire deHaute-Provence, France.Complete Tables 1 and 2 are only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/418/989
| Late-type members of young stellar kinematic groups - I. Single stars
This is the first paper of a series aimed at studying the properties oflate-type members of young stellar kinematic groups. We concentrate ourstudy on classical young moving groups such as the Local Association(Pleiades moving group, 20-150Myr), IC 2391 supercluster (35Myr), UrsaMajor group (Sirius supercluster, 300Myr), and Hyades supercluster(600Myr), as well as on recently identified groups such as the Castormoving group (200Myr). In this paper we compile a preliminary list ofsingle late-type possible members of some of these young stellarkinematic groups. Stars are selected from previously established membersof stellar kinematic groups based on photometric and kinematicproperties as well as from candidates based on other criteria such astheir level of chromospheric activity, rotation rate and lithiumabundance. Precise measurements of proper motions and parallaxes takenfrom the Hipparcos Catalogue, as well as from the Tycho-2 Catalogue, andpublished radial velocity measurements are used to calculate theGalactic space motions (U, V, W) and to apply Eggen's kinematic criteriain order to determine the membership of the selected stars to thedifferent groups. Additional criteria using age-dating methods forlate-type stars will be applied in forthcoming papers of this series. Afurther study of the list of stars compiled here could lead to a betterunderstanding of the chromospheric activity and their age evolution, aswell as of the star formation history in the solar neighbourhood. Inaddition, these stars are also potential search targets for directimaging detection of substellar companions.
| The Vienna-KPNO search for Doppler-imaging candidate stars. I. A catalog of stellar-activity indicators for 1058 late-type Hipparcos stars
We present the results from a spectroscopic Ca ii H&K survey of 1058late-type stars selected from a color-limited subsample of the Hipparcoscatalog. Out of these 1058 stars, 371 stars were found to showsignificant H&K emission, most of them previously unknown; 23% withstrong emission, 36% with moderate emission, and 41% with weak emission.These spectra are used to determine absolute H&K emission-linefluxes, radial velocities, and equivalent widths of theluminosity-sensitive Sr ii line at 4077 Ä. Red-wavelengthspectroscopic and Strömgren y photometric follow-up observations ofthe 371 stars with H&K emission are used to additionally determinethe absolute Hα -core flux, the lithium abundance from the Li i6708 Å equivalent width, the rotational velocity vsin i, theradial velocity, and the light variations and its periodicity. Thelatter is interpreted as the stellar rotation period due to aninhomogeneous surface brightness distribution. 156 stars were found withphotometric periods between 0.29 and 64 days, 11 additional systemsshowed quasi-periodic variations possibly in excess of ~50 days. Further54 stars had variations but no unique period was found, and four starswere essentially constant. Altogether, 170 new variable stars werediscovered. Additionally, we found 17 new SB1 (plus 16 new candidates)and 19 new SB2 systems, as well as one definite and two possible new SB3systems. Finally, we present a list of 21 stars that we think are mostsuitable candidates for a detailed study with the Doppler-imagingtechnique. Tables A1--A3 are only available in electronic form at theCDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part III. Additional fundamental stars with direct solutions
The FK6 is a suitable combination of the results of the HIPPARCOSastrometry satellite with ground-based data, measured over a longinterval of time and summarized mainly in the FK5. Part III of the FK6(abbreviated FK6(III)) contains additional fundamental stars with directsolutions. Such direct solutions are appropriate for single stars or forobjects which can be treated like single stars. Part III of the FK6contains in total 3272 stars. Their ground-based data stem from thebright extension of the FK5 (735 stars), from the catalogue of remainingSup stars (RSup, 732 stars), and from the faint extension of the FK5(1805 stars). From the 3272 stars in Part III, we have selected 1928objects as "astrometrically excellent stars", since their instantaneousproper motions and their mean (time-averaged) ones do not differsignificantly. Hence most of the astrometrically excellent stars arewell-behaving "single-star candidates" with good astrometric data. Thesestars are most suited for high-precision astrometry. On the other hand,354 of the stars in Part III are Δμ binaries in the sense ofWielen et al. (1999). Many of them are newly discovered probablebinaries with no other hitherto known indication of binarity. The FK6gives, besides the classical "single-star mode" solutions (SI mode),other solutions which take into account the fact that hidden astrometricbinaries among "apparently single-stars" introduce sizable "cosmicerrors" into the quasi-instantaneously measured HIPPARCOS proper motionsand positions. The FK6 gives, in addition to the SI mode, the "long-termprediction (LTP) mode" and the "short-term prediction (STP) mode". TheseLTP and STP modes are on average the most precise solutions forapparently single stars, depending on the epoch difference with respectto the HIPPARCOS epoch of about 1991. The typical mean error of anFK6(III) proper motion in the single-star mode is 0.59 mas/year. This isa factor of 1.34 better than the typical HIPPARCOS errors for thesestars of 0.79 mas/year. In the long-term prediction mode, in whichcosmic errors are taken into account, the FK6(III) proper motions have atypical mean error of 0.93 mas/year, which is by a factor of about 2better than the corresponding error for the HIPPARCOS values of 1.83mas/year (cosmic errors included).
| Stroemgren photometry of F- and G-type stars brighter than V = 9.6. I. UVBY photometry
Within the framework of a large photometric observing program, designedto investigate the Galaxy's structure and evolution, Hβ photometryis being made for about 9000 stars. As a by-product, supplementary uvbyphotometry has been made. The results are presented in a cataloguecontaining 6924 uvby observations of 6190 stars, all south ofδ=+38deg. The overall internal rms errors of one observation(transformed to the standard system) of a program star in the interval6.5
| Fifth fundamental catalogue. Part 2: The FK5 extension - new fundamental stars
The mean positions and proper motions for 3117 new fundamental starsessentially in the magnitude range about 4.5 to 9.5 are given in thisFK5 extension. Mean apparent visual magnitude is 7.2 and is on average2.5 magnitudes fainter then the basic FK5 which has a mean magnitude of4.7. (The basic FK5 gives the mean positions and proper motions for theclassical 1535 fundamental stars). The following are discussed: theobservational material, reduction of observations, star selection, andthe system for the FK5 extension. An explanation and description of thecatalog are given. The catalog of 3117 fundamental stars for the equinoxand epoch J2000.0 and B1950.0 is presented. The parallaxes and radialvelocities for 22 extension stars with large forecasting effects aregiven. Catalogs used in the compilation of the FK5 fundamental catalogare listed.
| UBV photometry of stars whose positions are accurately known.
Photometric indices V, B-V, and U-B were measured for about 560 stars ofthe AGK3R and NPZT catalogs between BD declinations 11 deg and 23 deg,using the 40-cm Cassegrain telescope of the Kvistaberg Observatory fromApril 1986 to May 1987. The observation procedure and the reductiontechnique were the same as in the earlier papers of this series by Oja(1984, 1985, 1986, and 1987). The mean errors were calculated from theinternal consistency of the data. The accuracy was found to be the sameas for the earlier parts of the survey.
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Löwe |
| Right ascension: | 09h23m47.09s |
| Declination: | +20°21'52.0" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 7.724 |
| Distance: | 32.563 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | -151.9 |
| Proper motion Dec: | 36.3 |
| B-T magnitude: | 8.527 |
| V-T magnitude: | 7.791 |
Catalogs and designations:
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