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The Extension of the Transition Temperature Plasma into the Lower Galactic Halo
Column densities for H I, Al III, Si IV, C IV, and O VI toward 109 starsand 30 extragalactic objects have been assembled to study the extensionsof these species away from the Galactic plane into the Galactic halo. HI and Al III mostly trace the warm neutral and warm ionized medium,respectively, while Si IV, C IV, and O VI trace a combination of warmphotoionized and collisionally ionized plasmas. The much larger objectsample compared to previous studies allows us to consider and correctfor the effects of the sample bias that has affected earlier but smallersurveys of the gas distributions. We find that Si IV and C IV havesimilar exponential scale heights of 3.2(+1.0, -0.6) and 3.6(+1.0,-0.8) kpc. The scale height of O VI is marginally smaller with h =2.6 ± 0.6 kpc. The transition temperature gas is ~3 times moreextended than the warm ionized medium traced by Al III with h =0.90(+0.62, -0.33) kpc and ~12 times more extended than the warmneutral medium traced by H I with h = 0.24 ± 0.06 kpc. There is afactor of 2 decrease in the dispersion of the log of the column densityratios for transition temperature gas for lines of sight in the Galacticdisk compared to extragalactic lines of sight through the entire halo.The observations are compared to the predictions of the various modelsfor the production of the transition temperature gas in the halo. Theappendix presents a revision to the electron scale height of Gaensler etal.'s 2008 study based on electron dispersion measures.
| Iron abundances from optical FeIII absorption lines in B-type stellar spectra
The role of optical FeIII absorption lines in B-type stars as ironabundance diagnostics is considered. To date, ultraviolet Fe lines havebeen widely used in B-type stars, although line blending can severelyhinder their diagnostic power. Using optical spectra, covering awavelength range ~3560-9200Å, a sample of Galactic B-typemain-sequence and supergiant stars of spectral types B0.5 to B7 areinvestigated. A comparison of the observed FeIII spectra of supergiants,and those predicted from the model atmosphere codes TLUSTY[plane-parallel, non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE)], withspectra generated using SYNSPEC (LTE), and CMFGEN (spherical, non-LTE),reveal that non-LTE effects appear small. In addition, a sample ofmain-sequence and supergiant objects, observed with the Fiber-fedExtended Range Optical Spectrograph (FEROS), reveal LTE abundanceestimates consistent with the Galactic environment and previous opticalstudies. Based on the present study, we list a number of FeIIItransitions which we recommend for estimating the iron abundance fromearly B-type stellar spectra.
| Iron abundances of B-type post-asymptotic giant branch stars in globular clusters: Barnard29 in M13 and ROA5701 in ωCen
High-resolution optical and ultraviolet (UV) spectra of two B-typepost-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) stars in globular clusters,Barnard29 in M13 and ROA5701 in ωCen, have been analysed usingmodel atmosphere techniques. The optical spectra have been obtained withFEROS on the ESO 2.2-m telescope and the 2d-Coudé spectrograph onthe 2.7-m McDonald telescope, while the UV observations are from theGoddard high-resolution spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope(HST). Abundances of light elements (C, N, O, Mg, Al and S) plus Fe havebeen determined from the optical spectra, while the UV data provideadditional Fe abundance estimates from FeIII absorption lines in the1875-1900 Å wavelength region. A general metal underabundancerelative to young B-type stars is found for both Barnard29 and ROA5701.These results are consistent with the metallicities of the respectiveclusters, as well as with previous studies of the objects. The derivedabundance patterns suggest that the stars have not undergone a gas-dustseparation, contrary to previous suggestions, although they may haveevolved from the AGB before the onset of the third dredge-up. However,the Fe abundances derived from the HST spectra are lower than thoseexpected from the metallicities of the respective clusters, by 0.5 dexfor Barnard29 and 0.8 dex for ROA5701. A similar systematicunderabundance is also found for other B-type stars in environments ofknown metallicity, such as the Magellanic Clouds. These results indicatethat the FeIII UV lines may yield abundance values which aresystematically too low by typically 0.6 dex and hence such estimatesshould be treated with caution.This paper includes data taken at the McDonald Observatory of theUniversity of Texas at Austin, and on the ESO 2.2-m La Silla, programme0077.D-025(A).E-mail: h.thompson@qub.ac.uk
| Observations towards early-type stars in the ESO-POP Survey - II. Searches for intermediate- and high-velocity clouds
We present CaII K and TiII optical spectra of early-type stars takenmainly from the ultraviolet and visual echelle spectrograph (UVES)Paranal Observatory Project, plus HI 21-cm spectra, from the Vila-Elisaand Leiden-Dwingeloo Surveys, which are employed to obtain distances tointermediate- and high-velocity clouds (IHVCs). HI emission at avelocity of -117 kms-1 towards the sightline HD30677 () withcolumn density ~1.7 × 1019 cm-2 has nocorresponding CaII K absorption in the UVES spectrum, which has asignal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 610 per resolution element. The star hasa spectroscopically determined distance of 2.7 kpc, and hence sets thisas a firm lower distance limit towards Anti-Centre cloud ACII. Towardsanother sightline (HD46185 with ), HI at a velocity of +122kms-1 and column density of 1.2 × 1019cm-2 is seen. The corresponding CaII K spectrum has a S/N of780, although no absorption is observed at the cloud velocity. Thissimilarly places a firm lower distance limit of 2.9 kpc towards thisparcel of gas that may be an intermediate-velocity (IV) cloud. The lackof IV CaII absorption towards HD196426 () at a S/N of 500 reinforces alower distance limit of ~700 pc towards this part of complex gp, wherethe HI column density is 1.1 × 1019 cm-2 andvelocity is +78 kms-1. Additionally, no IV CaII is seen inabsorption in the spectrum of HD19445, which is strong in HI with acolumn density of 8 × 1019 cm-2 at avelocity of ~ -42 kms-1, placing a firm althoughuninteresting lower distance limit of 39 pc to this part of IV South.Finally, no high-velocity CaII K absorption is seen towards HD115363 ()at a S/N of 410, placing a lower distance of ~3.2 kpc towards the HVCgas at velocity of ~ +224 kms-1 and HI column density of 5.2× 1019 cm-2. This gas is in the same regionof the sky as complex WE (Wakker 2001), but at higher velocities. Thenon-detection of CaII K absorption sets a lower distance of ~3.2 kpctowards the HVC, which is unsurprising if this feature is indeed relatedto the Magellanic System.
| An evolutionary catalogue of galactic post-AGB and related objects
Aims.With the ongoing AKARI infrared sky survey, of much greatersensitivity than IRAS, a wealth of post-AGB objects may be discovered.It is thus time to organize our present knowledge of known post-AGBstars in the galaxy with a view to using it to search for new post-AGBobjects among AKARI sources. Methods: We searched the literatureavailable on the NASA Astrophysics Data System up to 1 October 2006, anddefined criteria for classifying sources into three categories: verylikely, possible and disqualified post-AGB objects. The category of verylikely post-AGB objects is made up of several classes. Results: We havecreated an evolutionary, on-line catalogue of Galactic post-AGB objects,to be referred to as the Toruń catalogue of Galactic post-AGB andrelated objects. The present version of the catalogue contains 326 verylikely, 107 possible and 64 disqualified objects. For the very likelypost-AGB objects, the catalogue gives the available optical and infraredphotometry, infrared spectroscopy and spectral types, and links tofinding charts and bibliography.A stable version of the catalogue is available at the CDS via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/469/799
| Pulkovo compilation of radial velocities for 35495 stars in a common system.
Not Available
| New Estimates of the Solar-Neighborhood Massive Star Birthrate and the Galactic Supernova Rate
The birthrate of stars of masses >=10 Msolar is estimatedfrom a sample of just over 400 O3-B2 dwarfs within 1.5 kpc of the Sunand the result extrapolated to estimate the Galactic supernova ratecontributed by such stars. The solar-neighborhood Galactic-plane massivestar birthrate is estimated at ~176 stars kpc-3Myr-1. On the basis of a model in which the Galactic stellardensity distribution comprises a ``disk+central hole'' like that of thedust infrared emission (as proposed by Drimmel and Spergel), theGalactic supernova rate is estimated at probably not less than ~1 normore than ~2 per century and the number of O3-B2 dwarfs within the solarcircle at ~200,000.
| Anomalous dust-to-gas ratios in the Galaxy
Lines of sight with E(B-V)/N(HI) considerably smaller than the averagevalue for the solar neighbourhood have been selected from the catalogueof Diplas & Savage. In order to develop quantitative considerations,estimates of the molecular hydrogen column density were obtained usingthe relation of Savage et al. extended at E(B-V) > 0.4 with therecent data of Rachford et al. Contrary to the prevailing opinion in theliterature for sightlines with similar behaviour, we found that only 22per cent of our sample was characterized by both an average gas densitylarger than 1 cm-3 and a value of RV larger thanthat in the diffuse interstellar medium. By computing extinction models,we were able to fit the E(B-V)/N(HI) by changing the value ofRV only for some sightlines. For the remaining ones, aρd/ρH ratio different from the averageGalactic value must be invoked. The application of the Kramers-Kronigrelation to the observed extinction curves confirmed this possibility.Moreover, attempts to fit such curves with models having grain volumescorresponding to the standard ρd/ρH ratiofailed.We find a linear relation between ρd/ρHand E(B-V)/N(H) for our sightlines. The average Galactic value marks theseparation into two groups characterized by lower abundances of C and Sitrapped into the grains when E(B-V)/N(H) is smaller than the Galacticvalue, and by larger abundances when E(B-V)/N(H) is greater.
| Catalog of Galactic OB Stars
An all-sky catalog of Galactic OB stars has been created by extendingthe Case-Hamburg Galactic plane luminous-stars surveys to include 5500additional objects drawn from the literature. This work brings the totalnumber of known or reasonably suspected OB stars to over 16,000.Companion databases of UBVβ photometry and MK classifications forthese objects include nearly 30,000 and 20,000 entries, respectively.
| Highly Ionized Gas in the Galactic Halo: A FUSE Survey of O VI Absorption toward 22 Halo Stars
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectra of 22 Galactichalo stars are studied to determine the amount of O VI in the Galactichalo between ~0.3 and ~10 kpc from the Galactic midplane. Strong O VIλ1031.93 absorption was detected toward 21 stars, and a reliable3 σ upper limit was obtained toward HD 97991. The weaker member ofthe O VI doublet at 1037.62 Å could be studied toward only sixstars because of stellar and interstellar blending problems. Themeasured logarithmic total column densities vary from 13.65 to 14.57with =14.17+/-0.28 (1 σ). The observed columns arereasonably consistent with a patchy exponential O VI distribution with amidplane density of 1.7×10-8 cm-3 and scaleheight between 2.3 and 4 kpc. We do not see clear signs of stronghigh-velocity components in O VI absorption along the Galactic sightlines, which indicates the general absence of high-velocity O VI within2-5 kpc of the Galactic midplane. This result is in marked contrast tothe findings of Sembach et al., who reported high-velocity O VIabsorption toward ~60% of the complete halo sight lines observed byFUSE. The line centroid velocities of the O VI absorption do not reflectGalactic rotation well. The O VI velocity dispersions range from 33 to78 km s-1, with an average of =45+/-11 kms-1 (1 σ). These values are much higher than the valueof ~18 km s-1 expected from thermal broadening for gas atT~3×105 K, the temperature at which O VI is expected toreach its peak abundance in collisional ionization equilibrium.Turbulence, inflow, and outflow must have an effect on the shape of theO VI profiles. Kinematical comparisons of O VI with Ar I reveal thateight of 21 sight lines are closely aligned in LSR velocity(|ΔVLSR|<=5 km s-1), while nine of 21exhibit significant velocity differences(|ΔVLSR|>=15 km s-1). This dual behaviormay indicate the presence of two different types of O VI-bearingenvironments toward the Galactic sight lines. The correlation betweenthe H I and O VI intermediate-velocity absorption is poor. We couldidentify the known H I intermediate-velocity components in the Ar Iabsorption but not in the O VI absorption in most cases. Comparison of OVI with other highly ionized species suggests that the high ions areproduced primarily by cooling hot gas in the Galactic fountain flow andthat turbulent mixing also has a significant contribution. The role ofturbulent mixing varies from negligible to dominant. It is mostimportant toward sight lines that sample supernova remnants like Loops Iand IV. The average N(C IV)/N(O VI) ratios for the nearby halo (thiswork) and complete halo (Savage et al.) are similar (~0.6), but thedispersion is larger in the sample of nearby halo sight lines. We areable to show that the O VI enhancement toward the Galactic center regionthat was observed in the FUSE survey of complete halo sight lines(Savage et al.) is likely associated with processes occurring near theGalactic center by comparing the observations toward the nearby HD177566 sight line to those toward extragalactic targets.
| IUE Absorption-Line Observations of the Moderately and Highly Ionized Interstellar Medium toward 164 Early-Type Stars
We present measurements of Galactic interstellar Al III, Si IV, and C IVabsorption recorded in high-resolution archival ultraviolet spectra of164 hot early-type stars observed by the International UltravioletExplorer (IUE) satellite. The objects studied were drawn from the listof hot stars scheduled to be observed with the Far UltravioletSpectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite as part of observing programsdesigned to investigate absorption by O VI in the Galactic disk andhalo. Multiple IUE echelle-mode integrations have been combined toproduce a single ultraviolet (1150-1900 Å) spectrum of each starwith a spectral resolution of ~25 km s-1 (FWHM). Selectedabsorption-line profiles are presented for each star along with plots ofthe apparent column density per unit velocity for each line of the AlIII, Si IV, and C IV doublets. We report absorption-line equivalentwidths, absorption velocities, and integrated column densities based onthe apparent optical depth method of examining interstellar absorptionlines. We also determine column densities and Doppler parameters fromsingle-component curve-of-growth analyses. The scientific analysis ofthese observations will be undertaken after the FUSE satellite producessimilar measurements for absorption by interstellar O IV, Fe III, S III,and other ions. Based on archival data from observations obtained withthe International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite sponsored byNASA, SERC, and ESA.
| Supplementary southern standards for UBV(RI)c photometry
We present UBV(RI)c photometry for 80 southern red and blue stars foruse as additional standards. The data are tied to the Johnson UBV andCousins (RI)c systems and extend the range of the available stars forcolor equation determination, especially in (U-B) for blue stars and(V-R) and (V-I) for red stars. Comparisons with published data are madeand particularly good agreement is found with Bessell for the red(Gliese) stars.
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| An Extension of the Case-Hamburg OB Star Surveys
We have extended the Case-Hamburg OB star surveys to b = +- 30 degreesfor l = +- 60 degres using the Curtis Schmidt telescope and 4 degreeobjective prism at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Acatalog of 234 OB stars and other objects with peculiar spectra ispresented along with finding charts for those objects too faint to beincluded on the BD or CD charts. (SECTION: Stars)
| Optical observations of the hot post-asymptotic giant branch star, HD 177566
An local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) model atmosphere analysis ofoptical and ultra-violet spectra is presented for a hot high galacticlatitude star, HD 177566, previously identified as a post-asymptoticgiant branch candidate from its ultra-violet spectrum. The derivedatmospheric parameters and chemical composition confirm that HD 177566is a low mass (M approximately equal to 0.55 solar mass)(post-AGB) star;a general heavy element underabundance of approximately -1.3 dex isfound. The possibility that it is the central star of a young, compactplanetary nebula is briefly discussed.
| Ultraviolet FeIII lines in the spectra of high galactic latitude early-type stars
Using high resolution spectral data from the International UltravioletExplorer satellite, we present qualitative and quantitative comparisonsof blends of Fe III absorption lines in the region1890A<=λ<=1930A for a sample of fifteen high latitudeB-type and standard stars. Standard and halo stars were matched ineffective temperature and surface gravity using Stroemgren [c_1_] andHβ photometry, and LTE model atmosphere codes were used toinvestigate whether they had similar iron abundances. We conclude thatwhile most of the halo stars have Population I iron abundances and maybe young objects, one star, HD 177566, has significant iron and silicondepletions and is most probably an old, evolved star. In view of thecoincidence of the atmospheric parameters of this star with those ofyoung B-type stars, we consider a post-AGB evolutionary status to belikely for HD 177566.
| An IUE survey of interstellar H I LY alpha absorption. 1: Column densities
We measure Galactic interstellar neutral hydrogen column densities byanalyzing archival interstellar Ly alpha absorption line data toward 554B2 and hotter stars observed at high resolution with the IUE satellite.This study more than doubles the number of lines of sight with measuresof N(H I) based on Ly alpha. We have included the scattered lightbackground correction algorithm of Bianchi and Bohlin in our datareduction. We use the correlation between the Balmer discontinuity(c1) index and the stellar Ly alpha absorption in order toassess the effects of stellar Ly alpha contamination. Approximately 40%of the B stars with measured (c1) index, exhibit seriousstellar Ly alpha contamination. One table contains the derived values ofthe interstellar N(H I) for 393 stars with at most small amounts ofstellar contamination. Another lists the observed values of total N(H I)for 161 stars with suspected stellar Ly alpha contamination and/oruncertain stellar parameters.
| A Search for Beta-Cephei Type Variability in a Sample of Intermediate Galactic Latitude to High Galactic Latitude B-Type Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1994MNRAS.267.1103H&db_key=AST
| Optical studies of interstellar material in low density regions of the Galaxy. I - A survey of interstellar NA I and CA II absorption toward 57 distant stars
We present high-resolution spectra of the Na I D and Ca II K linestoward 57 late-O and early-B stars along extended (d greater than 1 kpc)low-density paths through the Milky Way disk and halo. The sight linespreferentially sample diffuse gas in the interstellar medium (ISM) alonginterarm, Galactic center, and high latitude directions. We measureequivalent widths, apparent column densities, and absorption componentstructure. The Ca II to Na I ratios presented as a function of velocityfor each sight line exhibit variations due to elemental depletion,ionization, and density enhancements. Absorption along high latitudesight lines is kinematically simpler than it is along interarm andGalactic center sight lines. Galactic rotation noticeably broadens theabsorption profiles of distant stars located in these latter directions.Along several sight lines, we see Ca II absorption at velocitiescorresponding to large distances (/z/ about 1 kpc) from the Galacticplane. The effects of differences in the Ca II and Na I scale heightsand nonzero velocity dispersions are readily apparent in the data. Briefnotes are given for several sight lines with interesting absorptionproperties.
| Broad-band photometry of selected southern ultraviolet-bright stars.
Not Available
| Empirical temperature calibrations for early-type stars
Three temperature calibrations of suitable photometric quantities havebeen derived for O and B stars. A sample of 120 stars with reliableT(eff.) determinations has been used for establishing each calibration.The different calibrations have been critically discussed and compared.Temperature determinations for 1009 program stars have been obtainedwith an accuracy of the order of 10 percent.
| Radial velocities and spectral types for a sample of faint blue stars.
Not Available
| On the nature of early-type stars in the galactic halo
Effective temperatures and surface gravities of 46 intermediate and highgalactic latitude OB stars have been estimated from Stromgren /C1/ andH-beta photometry. In addition, helium, calcium and magnesium abundancesrelative to hydrogen have been derived for eleven stars. The typicalOB-type stellar parameters indicate that they are normal Population Istars, several of which require ejection velocities of more than 100km/s from the plane in order to reach their present z-distances duringtheir lifetimes. The observed correlation between peculiar velocity andmass for stars with /z/ not less than 400 pc is compatible with theBlaauw runaway hypothesis as the acceleration mechanism. A plot of logN(Na I) versus E(B-V) implies that the gas-to-dust ratio in the halo isprobably similar to that found for material in the galactic disc. Thisimplies that the sputtering of calcium from grain surfaces is probablyresponsible for the observed velocity dependence of the N(Na I)/N(Ca II)ratio.
| A survey of ultraviolet objects
An all-sky survey of ultraviolet objects is presented together with astatistical analysis that leads to the conclusion that there is asignificantly higher population of hot subdwarfs lying below themain-sequence than hitherto thought. The distribution of all ultravioletobjects, main sequence ultraviolet objects, and MK unclassifiedultraviolet objects are shown in galactic coordinates, and the absolutemagnitudes and color-color diagrams for these groups are presented.Scale heights are derived, giving values similar to planetary nebulaefor the hottest groups.
| A study of interstellar absorption at high galactic latitudes. I - Highly ionized gas
IUE interstellar absorption line data for C IV, Si IV, N V and Fe II, ina sample of 24 distant, early-type stars at high galactic latitudes, areanalyzed with other published results in order to study the distributionand physical conditions of highly ionized gas in the halo of the Galaxy.The C IV and Si IV lines, which are detected in front of approximatelytwo-thirds of the stars observed, are significantly stronger that thoseobserved in the spectra of disk stars of similar spectral types, andtheir velocities show no correlation with the velocities of thebackground stars. The observed variation of the column densities of C(3+) and Si (3+) with distance z from the plane is consistent with thesuggested existence of a Galactic transition layer between cool gas inthe disk and outer halo regions at temperatures greater than thoseobservable with IUE. Attention is drawn to the fact that the observed C(3+)/Si (3+) ratio may be a characteristic signature of hot gas ingalactic halos.
| H-beta photometry of southern early-type stars and galactic structure away from the plane
H-beta photoelectric photometry is reported for 165 early-type stars atintermediate and high galactic latitudes. The data are combined withearlier UBV and spectroscopic results to determine the stellar spacedistribution. Stars of type B2 and earlier, at distances of up to 1 kpcfrom the galactic plane, appear to follow spiral structure in the plane.The available material, particularly the derived color excesses, is usedto select a number of blue stars which may be subluminous.
| Photometry and spectral classification of early-type stars away from the galactic plane.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1970MNRAS.150...23H&db_key=AST
| The Distribution of Extra-Galactic Nebulae
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1934ApJ....79....8H&db_key=AST
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Südliche Krone |
| Right ascension: | 19h07m07.89s |
| Declination: | -41°43'16.0" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 10.211 |
| Proper motion RA: | -2.5 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -43.7 |
| B-T magnitude: | 9.873 |
| V-T magnitude: | 10.184 |
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